3.字母组合er发长音/ /和短音/ /两种情况时，同学也不易掌握，我们可以归纳其方法为:在重读音节中er常发长音/ /, 在弱读音节中则发短音/ /

    4.字母组合ea发/i /和/ /两种音时，同学们易搞错。

    在real, really,idea三个单词中ea发/i /这个音。

(1)A.choose

B.cool

C.noodle 

D.goodbye

(2)A.cool

B.moon

C.food

D.cook

    6.字母组合or发/ :/和/ /两种音时，也是同学的薄弱处。

    我们须记忆：/ / worse, worst, work(worker,workplace), word, world

    其它如horse,nor,corn为/ :/音。

    or发短音/ /的单词中，forget,也是同学不易掌握的，所以要特别加以记忆。

eg.

(1)A.worse

B.horse

C.nor

D.corn

(2)A.pork

B.for

C.work

D.worn

    / / double,trouble,country,enough.

    在ght前发/ :/ fought,thought,bought.

特例：

south

→southern

/au/

  //

    8.字母组合tion有两种发音/t n/,/ n/同学易搞错

    一个单词的tion发/t n/，其余均为/ n/,

    9.字母组合ng发/ /和/ /两种音时，同学不易掌握。

请记忆：

hungry

angry

English

finger

/ /

/ /

/ /

/ /

请比较：

sing

→singer

/ /

  / /

Australia

eighth

news

newspaper

/ /

  /t /

  /z/

/s/

sandwich

forest

heart

shall

front

gone

   / /

/ //i/

/ /

/ /

/ /

/ /

1.A.paid

B.said

C.afraid

D.rain

2.A.break

B.breakfast

C.bread

D.dead

3.A.talk

B.walk

C.chalk

D.salt

4.A.speak

B.real

C.seat

D.easy

5.A.start

B.warm

C.harvest

D.pardon

6.A.touch

B.round

C.loud

D.shout

7.A.enough

B.laugh

C.daughter

D.enough

8.A.eighth

B.both

C.thought

D.through

9.A.choose

B.cool

C.tooth

D.cook

10.A.hear

B.near

C.early

D.dear

11.A.while

B.whom

C.when

D.white

12.A.lie

B.die

C.quiet

D.tie

13.A.catch

B.chalk

C.Christmas

D.each

1.A.change

B.exam

C.famous

D.strange

2.A.eleven

B.retell

C.eve

D.relay

3.A.mirror

B.history

C.bridge

D.beautiful

4.A.smoke

B.chose

C.none

D.motor

5.A.push

B.luck

C.sugar

D.pull

6.A.horse

B.order

C.corner

D.worse

7.A.season

B.feather

C.pleasure

D.instead

8.A.sound

B.mountain

C.country

D.shout

9.A.choose

B.football

C.noodle

D.school

10.A.saved

B.rushed

C.kicked

D.danced

┌单数---可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数，在元音发音开头的单词前用an，而不是a

可数名词

名词的根据数

└复数

不可数名词

1.复数的构成方法：

(1)一般在复数名词后加s，如：dog--dogs。

(2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es，如：watch--watches。

(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加es，     如：country--countries。

     请区别：如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词，则只须加s。   如：monkey--monkeys。

(4)以o结尾的名词，只有potato(土豆)，tomato(西红柿)加es构成复数。

(5)以f、fe结尾的名词，变f、fe为v再加es， 如：knife--knives。

2.单复数形式相同的词：sheep--sheep，fish--fish    Chinese--Chinese，Japanese--Japanese

3.特殊变化的单词有：(1)tooth--teeth，foot--feeth

                   (2)man--men，woman--women，policeman--policemen,Frenchman--Frenchmen

                      请区别：German(德国人)--Germans

                   (3)child—childre

4.常以复数形式出现的名词：people(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(裤子) glasses(眼镜) ,这些名词作主语时，同学们应特别注意它们的谓语，用复数。

         如：My clothes are (be) newer than yours.

5.有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的，应特别加以记忆。如：news(消息)，maths(数学)，physics(物理)

         No news is good news.

6.可用how many，many，a few，few，a lot of，lots of，some，any等来修饰可数名词复数。

         How many are there in your pencil-box?(knife)

不可数名词：

1.常见的不可数名词有：water，rice，fish，meat，等。
应特别记medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.

2.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数。
 如：Some bread over there.(be)

3.常用how much,much,a little,little,a lot of,some,any等来修饰不可数名词。

4.常用a piece of,a cup of等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两片面包”这样的意义，bread仍为不可数名词，不加s，而piece则可加s。          即：twopiecesof bread

请区别：可数名词也可用量来表示，     如：三箱苹果three boxes of apples

例： 1、These two pieces of bread are over there.(be)

     2、Could I have three ,please？

   A.piece of bread    B.B.piece of breads   C.piecesofbread    D.piecesof breads

名词的格

    名词所有格的构成方法，在名词后加“ 's”。如：Tom→Tom's译为“…的”，若遇上以s结尾的复数名词，则在s后加“ '”即可。如：Teachers'Day , twoweeks'holiday，而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，仍按惯例加's 。如：Children's Day

关于名词所有格，应掌握以下几点：

1.可用名词所有格表示地点。
   如：my aunt's 我姑姑家。 go to the doctor's 去医生家。

2.表示两人共同拥有，在最后一个名词后加's
   如：Lucy and Lily's 露西和莉莉的

3.掌握词组：a girl of five 一个五岁的女孩      a friend of mine 我的一个朋友
   
        eg;The white shirt is and blue one is .
 
       A、Kate,my   B.Kate's,mine    C.Kate,mine   D.Kate's,my

1.冠词指不定冠词a,an和定冠词the

2.不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前，
    如：an hour,an English car.        请区别：a useful machine

3.指上文提到过的人或物，用定冠词the

4.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如：the sun,the moon,the earth

5.定冠词the用于序数词前，表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。
    如：the first,the best ,in the south

6.在复数姓氏前加the，表示××一家人，常看成复数。
    如：The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.

7.在介词短语中常用定冠词the，如：in the box ,behind the chair

8.特别注意不能用定冠词the的几个方面：

    (1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer,in August

             请区别：in the spring of 1945. (这里表示特指，故加the)

    (2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。   如：have breakfast ,play football

    (3)一些固定词组中，如：go to bed ,go to school,by bus ,at night.

9.在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：

      in front of 在…前面        in the hospital 在医院里    
       in the front of 在…范围内的前部       in hospital (生病)住院
      
     There's 800-metre-long road behind hospital.
       A.an,an       B.a, a        C.an, the       D.a, the

1.基数词变序数词。其规律为：

    1,2,3特殊记，加th从4起 (first,second,third,fourth)

    8少t，9去e，千万别忘记 (eighth,ninth)

    逢5逢12，ve变f (fifth,twelfth)

    20到90，y要变ie (twentieth,ninetieth)

    若是几十几，前基后序别倒位 (ninety-first)                 

2.hundred,thousand,million 在构成具体的数字时用单数形式。   如：five hundred people.

     只有在表达笼统的多数时才加s，构成复数形式。

    hundreds of 数以百计的，成百上千的

    thousands of 数以千计的，成千上万的

    millions of 数百万的

    这些词组前不能用具体数字。

3.序数词常与定冠词the 连用。

    Eg:Henry has learned eight French words this year.

    A.hundred      B.hundreds    C.hundred of     D.hundreds of

    The lesson is the most difficult one in Book Two. (twenty)

另外，同学们还应掌握与数词有关的钟点表达法。

    顺读法(钟点＋分钟)       如：4:30 four thirty 4:45 four forty-five

   4:15 four fifteen

    倒读法(分钟＋to／past＋钟点)      如：4:30 half past four

    4:15 fifteen past four／a quarter past four

    4:45 fifteen to five／a quarter to five

1.At the beginning of the_______(twenty) century,the world's population was about 1700 million.

2.Are these_____(watch)yours? Yes.

3.You don't look well.You'd better go to the______(doctor) at once.

4.Would you give me________,please?

A.two papers    B.two piece of paper    C.two pieces of paper    D.two pieces of papers

5.There are three_____and seven____in the picture.

A.monkeys,sheeps    B.monkeys,sheep   C.monkies,sheep   D.monkies,sheeps

6.A lot of____are talking with two_______.

A.Germans,Frenchmans   B.Germen,Frenchmans    C.German, Frenchmen   D.Germans,Frenchmen

7.June 1 is ______________.

A.the Children's Day   B.the Childrens' Day   C.Children's Day   D.Childrens' Day

1.__________people went out to see what had happened.

A.Thousands of B.Three thousand ofC.Thousand of D.Three thousands

2.We have been in the school for______.

A.three and a half month          B.three and a half months
C.three month and a half          D.three months and half

3._____English is_____useful language.

A.A, an       B./, a        C.The, an       D. A, /

人称代词

主格

I

you

he

she

it

we

you

they

宾格

me

you

him

her

it

us

you

them

物主代词

形容词性

my

your

his

her

its

our

your

their

名词性

mine

yours

his

hers

its

ours

yours

theirs

反身代词

myself

yourself

himself

herself

itself

ourselves

yourselves

themselves

1.形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语，相当于一个形容词，名词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语，相当于一个名词。

2.注意名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系,是单数还是复数。  

如：⑴These books aren't ours.     Ours are new. (这里ours=our books)
    ⑵This is not our room.     Ours is over there. (这里ours=our room)

3."of+名词性物主代词"表示所属

如：a sister of his 他的一个妹妹
    a friend of mine 我的一个朋友

4.人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为：“第二人称，第三人称，第一人称”。

如：You, she and I all enjoy the music.

5.关于反身代词，同学们须掌握其固定结构：

enjoy oneself=have a good time (过得很愉快)

by oneself=alone (单独、独自)

help oneself to… (随便吃/喝 些...)

learn sth. by oneself  =teach oneself sth. (自学)

练习题

1.-Whose trousers are these?      -_____, I think.

A.They  B.Their   C.Theirs   D.Them

2. Nobody taught___English.  He taught____.

A.him, himself   B.his, himself    C.him, by himself   D.his, his

修饰可数词

many

few 表否定意义

a few 表肯定意义

修饰不数名词

much

little 表否定意义

a little 表肯定意义

用little, a little, few, a few填空:

1.I often stay at home because I have _______ friends here.

2.Jim,don't go and get some water. There is ______ water in the glass.

3.Though he learned French only ________ weeks. He can speak very well.

4.Lily had _________ bread because she was hungry yesterday.

There's ____ in today's newspaper. 中考题

A.important anything     B.important something

C.anything important     D.something important

1.some（一些，某） 一般用于肯定句中    注：some有时也可用于表示请求的疑问句中。

  any（任何） 多用于疑问句和否定句

① Will you give me some water?

② Would you like some meat?

③ May I ask some questions?

④ Could I have some apples?

2.every＋单数名词 “每一个” 强调共性，作定语,形式上为单数。

  each “每一个” 强调个性，作定语、主语、宾语和同位语，常与of连用。

如：Each student was asked to try again.
    Each of them has a nice skirt.
    Every child likes playing games.

3.all “(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上，作同位语时，一般放在连系、助动词之后，行为动词之前。

  none “没有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介词of

如： We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada.

     None of us is/are afraid of dogs.（单、复数均可）

4.both “（两者）都” ,作主语时，看作复数；作定语时，后跟名词复数。

  either “两者中任何一个” ,作主语时，谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时，后跟名词单数。

  neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义，用法同either。

如：They both swim well.  ＝Both of them swim well.

    There are trees on both sides of the street.
  = There are trees on either side of the street.

    Neither of us is going to Beijing next week.
    Neither answer is right.

5. another +单数名词, “另一个”

   one … the other “一个……，另一个……”

   the other +复数名词

= the others “其他的人或物” （指确定范围内剩下的全部）

   others “别人”

I'm going to take the skirt on the right. (97中考题)

________ ________ are you going to take?

情     况

变 化 方 法

例           词

单音节词和少数双音节词:

一般情况

加er, est

clever-cleverer-cleverest

以字母e结尾

加r, st

nice-nicer-nicest

重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时

双写加er, est

big-bigger-biggest

以辅音字母加y结尾

变y为i加er, est

early-earlier-earliest

部分双音节和多音节词

在词前加more, most

slowly-more slowly-most slowly

good/well-better-best       many/much-more-most    far-farther-farthest

bad/badly/ill-worse-worst     little-less-least

1.as … as … 和...一样（中间用原级）

2.not as(so) … as 和...不一样（中间用原级）

3… than …. ..比...（用比较级）

4.有范围修饰的用最高级        如:in, of, among或用从句修饰的

eg.⑴Winter is the coldest season of the year.

   ⑵This is the best film that I have ever seen .

5.比较级+and+比较级 意为“越来越…...”

eg: wetter and wetter more and more beautiful

6. The+比较级，the+比较级 越…...就越…...

eg:The more, the better. 越多越好

1.形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略。

2.可用much, a little, even, still等修饰比较级。

3.在比较级中为了避免重复，在than后常用one,that,those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。

eg:The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai.

1.He is taller than any other student in his class.

=He is the tallest (student)in his class.

2.This film is less interesting than that one.

=This film isn't as interesting as that one.

=That film is more interesting than this one.

3.I prefer maths to English.

=I like maths better than English.

96中考题：

Which do you like _____, fish, meat _____ eggs?

A.best, or B.better,or C.best, and D.better,and

1.形容词修饰名词作定语，跟在连系动词之后作表语。

2.副词修饰动词、形容词或其它副词     

  enough属例外词：形/副+enough to do enough+名词

  eg;she is old enough to go to school. 她够上学的年龄了。

3.区别几组易混淆的副词:

也

too用于肯定、疑问句

also 较为正式书面语

either 用于否定句

已经

already 常用于肯定句、疑问句

yet 常用于否定句、疑问句

不再

no (not any) longer 从时间上讲

no (not any) more 从动作上讲

如此这样

such 修饰名词 eg: such a big box

so 修饰形容词、副词 eg: so big

单独、独自

alone 作表语 =by oneself

孤独的

lonely 可作表语、定语

练习题

1.The students are having a good time in the park.
  Some are drawing by the lake. _____ are climbing the hill.

A.Others  B. Other  C. Another  D.The other

2.There isn't _____ in today's newspaper.

A. important something   B. important anything

C. anything important   D. nothing important

3.-Whose watch is this, Mary? Is it your sister's?
  -No,Mum. It's not ______. It's ______.

A.hers, my  B. her, my  C. Mine, hers  D.hers, mine

思考题

1.The Changjiang River is the third _____ river in the world.

A.long  B.longer  C.longest  D.the longest

2. An elephant is _____ than a horse.

A.more strong  B. much stronger  C. the most strong  D. much more strong

3. Which do you like _____, tea, orange or water?

A.good  B.Well  C. Better  D. Best

1．与形容词搭配的词组有：

be afraid of （怕）

be angry with （生某人的气）

be away from （不在某地）

be different from （与…不同）

be good at （善于）

be good/ bad for (对…有益/有害)

be interested in （对…感兴趣）

be late for （迟到）

be/get ready for （为作好准备）

be sure of (对…有把握)

be worried about （为…感到担忧）

2．介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词-ing形式

1)You must take good care of her.

2)Thank you for teaching us so well.

3．几组易混淆的介词

A．

“在...之后”

in + 一段时间（用于一般将来时）

after + 一段时间（用于一般过去时）

after + 一点时间（常用于一般将来时）

如：The baby stopped crying after half an hour. 

    The baby will stop crying in half an hour.

    They will visit their teacher after Friday.

B．

for +一段时间

since +过去的一点时间

这两者均用于现在完成时，具体在时态部分，我会继续向同学们讲解。

C．

be made of "用……制成"

be made in “由某地制造”

be made by somebody “由某人制成”

D．

in, on, at表时间

in “在某月(季节、年)等”

eg:in 1996, in January, in summer

固定词组：in the morning, in a week,in a minute,in time, in the end

on "用于指具体的某一天或专指某一天上午、下午或晚上等"

eg:on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16

at “用于具体时刻前和某些固定词组中”

固定词组：at seven, at the moment, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at times, at once, at this time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end of this month, at the same time

注意：在表时间里，下列情况下一般不用介词。词组里有：next, last, this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all 以及the day before yesterday和the day after tomorrow 前不用介词 。   如:不能说 in tomorrow ,只能说 tomorrow 在明天

E.

except +宾格/doing something "除…之外” （不包括本身）

Everyone is at school today except Lin Tao. (同义句转换)

=Only Lin Tao isn't at school today.

F．

“用” 通过交通工具 by plane

用语言 in English

通过媒介 on /over the telephone,  on /over the radio,  on TV

用工具手段 with a pen, with one's hands

G．

between “在~和~（两者）之间”

between...and...,

between the two...

among 在...之间(三者或三者以上)

eg.Sue spent over two hours ____ her homework yesterday evening.

    A.on   B.with    C.at   D.over

1．并列连词

both…and 既~又~谓语用复数动词

neither…nor 既不~也不~含否定意义，（就近原则）谓语动词由靠近它的那个主语来决定单复数。

either…or…   “或者 …或者…”“不是…就是…”

and“和”  连接两个并列成分,连接谓语时,两个动词时态应一致。

but “但是” 表转折，不能与 though 同时出现在句中。

or “或者”在否定句中，并列句中的列举常用 or，而不用 and。

Eg: I have brothers and sisters.(否)

   I don't have brothers or sisters.
= I have no brothers and no sisters.

2．引导宾语从句的连词

陈述句：that 可省略

一般疑问句：if /whether “是否”

特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词

3．引导原因状从的有：because (不能与so同时出现在句中)

4．引导时间状语从句的连词：

A.

when（当…时候），as soon as…（一…就），not…until（直到…才），after（在…之后），引导的主从复合句，主句为一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时来代替一般将来时。

Eg: I won't leave until he comes back.

B.

since（自从…以来）引导的主从复合句，主句为现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。

Eg：We haven't met each other since she left here last year.

C.

while（当…时候，一边…一边…）它引导的时间状语从句常用进行时态。

Eg: My father came in while I was doing my homework.

5．引导条件状语从句的连词：

if   “如果”，引导条件状从，主句用一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时。
请区别于if“是否”相当于 whether，引导宾语从句，时态根据语境确定

eg:1)I don't know if it ＿＿＿＿ (rain) tomorrow.

   2)If it ______ (rain) tomorrow, I _____________ (not climb) the hills.

   3)Joan and Mary haven't seen each other_____they left school five years ago.
     A.as   B.before   C.after   D.since

Eg:To an American,a Chinese is a _____________. (foreign)

前缀

例词

派生词

un-“不”

happy

unhappy

like

unlike

usual

unusual

friendly

unfriendly

im-“不”

possible

impossible

后缀

例词

派生词

-er“人”

teach/play/clean

teacher/player/cleaner

drive

driver（以e结尾，-r）

run

runner（重读闭音节，双写-er)

win

winner

travel

traveller

-or“人”

invent

inventor

visit

visitor

-ly（副词后缀）

bad

badly

quick

quickly

careful

carefully

happy

happily

deep

deeply

lucky

luckily

usual

usually

noisy

noisily

slow

slowly

angry

angrily

strong

strongly

quiet

quietly

特例：

true - truly    terrible - terribly possible - possibly

-ful（形容词后缀）

care

careful

help

helpful

use

useful

forget

forgetful

-y （形容词后缀）                       

rain

rainy

luck

lucky

cloud

cloudy

noise

noisy（以e结尾，去e，加-y）

snow

snowy

sun

sunny （双写，加-y）

wind

windy

-ion（名词后缀）

invent

invention

operate

operation

-ness（名词后缀）

busy

business

good

goodness

一些特例：

动词

形容词

动词

现在分词转化为名词

sleep

asleep

boat

boating

die

dead

build

building

enjoy

enjoyable

begin

beginning

cross

crossing

名词

形容词

meet

meeting

friend

friendly

turn

turning

south

southern

shop

shopping

wool

woolen

danger

dangerous

动词

过去分词转为形容词

difference

different

fry

fried

worry

worried

动词

名词

break

broken

know

knowledge

lose

lost

fly

flight

please

pleased

please

pleasure

colour

coloured

名词

名词

动词

现在分词、过去分词转为形容词

farm

farmer 农夫

follow

following

interest

interested“感兴趣的” 只作表语，仅用于be interested in

develop

interesting “有趣的” 可作表语和定语